Jeffrey M. Anderson's 400 Screens, 400 Blows -- Writers on the Storm
Filed under: Scripts, Columns, 400 Screens, 400 Blows

Every once in a while, a film critic comes out of the woodwork and tries to pose the idea that the auteur theory is bunk and that film authorship should be based on the work of the writer, and not the director. Currently, auteur critics consider the director the author of a picture (and it has to be a picture with personality, otherwise, the director isn't really an author, but rather a technician).
Recently the San Francisco International Film Festival started paying tribute to writers. Last year the recipient was Paul Haggis, about whom I think we've heard quite enough. He's worked on just about every movie that came out in the last couple of years: Million Dollar Baby, Crash, Casino Royale, The Last Kiss, Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima. I guess I don't need to point out that the only good movies on that list were directed by Clint Eastwood, and that the other good one, Casino Royale, depended on a good deal more than just its script. And if you take away the directors of those films, there's not much connecting them thematically or otherwise.
This year, the recipient will be Peter Morgan, who currently has two movies in the less than 400 screen zone: The Last King of Scotland (43 screens) and The Queen (87 screens). Now, interestingly enough, these two films actually have a lot in common. Both are based on real people, and each nabbed an Oscar in the Best Actor and Best Actress categories. Not to mention that the words "king" and "queen" go hand in hand. Also, the movies don't entirely focus on the famous real people that drew all the attention; other, supposedly "secondary" characters get all the focus.
In The Last King of Scotland, we see Idi Amin (Forest Whitaker) through the eyes of Dr. Nicholas Garrigan (James McAvoy) who becomes his personal physician. And in The Queen, the main focus is actually on Prime Minister Tony Blair (Michael Sheen), and not Queen Elizabeth (Helen Mirren). We come to understand and appreciate her through his eyes. This is actually a fascinating and effective approach, since it avoids the usual biopic formula that so many movies have lately fallen into (Walk the Line, Ray, Kinsey, De-Lovely, The Notorious Bettie Page, etc.). But also, by creating an outside gaze, Morgan has allowed his historical figures to retain their sense of majesty and mystery. We still get to meet them without going through that whole biopic tactic of exposing the warts and making the character "human."
In fact, Morgan's work reminds me of two other screenwriters, the team of Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski, who for a number of years were the "quirky biopic guys." They wrote Ed Wood (1994), The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996) and Man on the Moon (1999), all unusual subjects and interesting movies. They're also credited as producers, but not writers on Auto Focus (2002), which would fit perfectly with that theme. (It's possible they wrote a draft at some point, but found their names removed due to complicated and obscure Writers' Guild rules.)
But here's the problem. Alexander and Karaszewski's biopic phase didn't last long; before it they wrote a series of awful kids' films, including That Darn Cat (1997) and three Problem Child movies. Afterward they wrote Agent Cody Banks (2003). Now they have two Stephen King adaptations in the pipeline. If someone can find the connection between all these things, I'd be very interested to hear it.
Going back to Morgan's two films, we have one that doesn't really work (The Last King of Scotland) and one that works well (The Queen). I can chalk it up to two reasons: the two directors. Stephen Frears is a gifted, intelligent director who works well with character pieces (as long as there isn't too much action; see The Hi-Lo Country) and has a good sense for place and physical detail. Kevin Macdonald, on the other hand, is a documentary filmmaker (a pretty good one at that) who made his feature fiction debut with King and clearly didn't know how to balance all the angles. He threw together a biopic, a thriller and a (flawed) historical epic without any idea how to make them fit.
Sorry writers, but it all comes down to the director. Actually, I think any Hollywood writer would agree with me. The lucky ones hit a hot patch when they can get their work produced, but unless they turn director, they get sucked into a cruel and vicious system that ranks writers lower than craft services. Personality or touches of genius usually get smoothed over by subsequent writers. Only a crafty director (Tim Burton, Spike Jonze, etc.) can insist on filming a screenplay as written. But 99 times out of 100, the refrain is, "It's great! We love it! We just want to suggest one or two little changes..."









Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
4-18-2007 @ 10:34PM
RC of strangeculture said...
this is an interesting article...the positions you present on director importance make some sense, but writers have to be good for something...right?
Reply
4-19-2007 @ 1:27AM
mish said...
Well, I wouldn't say its a issue of a director vs. writer - imho, the two main schools of thought in terms of creating film come down to the auteur theory (which you already explained) and the idea of film as an inherently collaborative medium. I lean more towards the latter but of course it isn't absolute. Without a doubt, a film's script is the foundation the whole process is built upon - but the combination of the director, actors, cinematographer, composer, etc. makes each endeavor unique. Regardless, an interesting article and an equally interesting discussion...
Reply
4-19-2007 @ 8:46AM
Peter Nellhaus said...
Alfred Hitchcock's films are all recognizably his no matter who wrote the screenplay. The same with John Ford, Howard Hawks, and Martin Scorsese. I would wager that most of these so-called critics who rail against the auteur theory have not bothered to read Truffaut or even Andrew Sarris. Sarris even goes on record as writing that not all directors are auteurs, and even had an article about novelist and screenplay writer Richard Price. Unfortunately, most recent Hollywood films are made by committee so there are fewer directors currently at work that have a recognizable visual style or thematic consistency.
Reply
4-19-2007 @ 11:12AM
Steve said...
This inherently collaborative medium starts with blank sheets of paper. Those blank sheets of paper are filled with information by the writer. The information on the sheets of paper is like the genitic code contained in a seed. You want strawberries get strawbarry seed; you want corn get corn seed. You want a good crop get a good farmer, with tractors, water, agronamist, etc. You want a bad crop get a director, actors, cinematographer, composer, etc., regardless of how gifted and intelligent the director and others might be.
Writers know the genitic code of what they write as well as good farmers know the genitic code of seed. It goes without saying that directors take a-shot-in-the-dark, which results in a flop, when they fail to grasp the genitic code of a writers script.
Without the script a director has no concept of a story. Without the writer there's nothing for director, actors, cinematographer, composer, etc. to do in an inherently collaborative medium called film. Without the writer the intire film industry is out of work.
Every screenwriter from Billy Wilder to Joe Esterhas has said it: you give them one thing, they make something different; and there's a reason why. In an otherwise inherently collaborative medium only the author can work alone, because, the author is an artist.
One of the specifics, which makes the medium inherently collaborative, is the demand of the medium to combine art (provided by the author) with science (provided by the director, actors, cinematographer, composer, etc.)
Providing 'art' is the work of an author or authors.
Providing 'science' is the work of technicians or directors, actors, cinematographer, composer, etc.)
Failure to properly interpret a work of art is a mistake. Failure to properly interpret a work of art can cause a technician to make changes. When a technician makes changes to a work of 'art' those changes do not make that technician an author of the work. Mistakes are not art. Changes are not art. And it does not matter if the changes made by a technician make the art better or worse, because, the scientific (directors) technical job to produce the art as good as or better than the original art is implied by the scientific (directors) technical acceptance of the original authors story.
The auteur theory is bunk.
The San Francisco International Film Festival is correct in paying tribute to writers.
An industry that ranks writers lower than craft services, when the whole industry would cease to exist without writers, is indeed cruel and vicious.
The situation is easy enough to prove. If you give the same script to two different companies to produce and send the writer along to be on set and in the cutting room during production, you'll get back two (writers cans of film) that are very similar. Now take the same script and give it to two other companies to produce and keep the writer off set and out of the cutting room during production, and you'll get back two (cans of film) that are very different from each other and also very different from either of the (writers cans of film).
With the above proof in hand, I doubt, any competent Hollywood writer would agree with anything but the proof.
http://www2.xlibris.com/Bookstore/book_excerpt.asp?bookid=17207
Reply
4-19-2007 @ 1:38PM
Yo Mama said...
This whole discussion is, of course, absurd, and while you might find one or two working screenwriters who buy into it, the great majority do not (Neither does the Writers Guild.)
Your examples indicate a deep lack of understanding of how writers work. You take a perfect example of two writers who can legitimately lay claim to true authorship of their films - Scott and Karaszewski - and then use the fact that they don't ALWAYS write the same kind of script as proof of your ridiculous contention that the director is author.
Anyone with a modicum of wit can see the difference between Ed Wood and That Darn Cat. Screenwriters split their time between writing passion projects and doing work for hire. I guarantee you that That Darn Cat paid the rent for them to write their next passion project.
Also, the notion that someone is not an auteur because they deal with a variety of subjects is as ignorant and absurd as everything else you've written here.
This stuff matters. Writers are screwed out of money, power and recognition every day, and when people like you - especially ones with no hint of a clue - pontificate on how valid this theory is (one that's long since fallen out of favor among serious critics and film scholars, by the way), you hurt the very people who provide the creative spark for the movies you love so much.
Lastly, film is a collaborative medium. Giving any one individual blanket credit for the "authorship" of a movie is stupid venture to begin with.
This is the problem with the internet. Any ignoramus can, with a laptop, present himself as an authority on a subject he's completely ignorant of.
Reply
4-20-2007 @ 1:34PM
Anonymette said...
Film is a collaborative medium. End of story. Or do you really intend to call Eli Roth and Shawn Levy auteurs? And no, "any Hollywood writer" does not agree with you. I happen to think you're an uninformed fool and I'm one of those writers. Writers get screwed enough. You can type, so you think you should have an opinion. That's not necessarily true. Get an informed opinion and come on back. Until then, your opinion is ludicrous and just wrong. It's unfortunate that Cinematical lets people like you blather on about things they don't understand. Seriously. Stop confusing people.
Reply